“China–Europe Freight‑Train Cost Advantage”

Europe–China Trade Data Panorama Supply Chain Reconstruction, Policy Contestation, and Strategic Opportunities

Introduction In 2025, the global trade landscape is being rapidly reshaped by Sino–U.S. strategic competition, geopolitical conflicts, and technological revolutions. As critical hubs in the global value chain, China and Europe’s trade relationship not only underpins both regions&rsqu...